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The Spellbinding History of Tarot Cards, From a Mainstream Card Game to a Magical Ritual
By Kelly Richman-Abdou on April 19, 2020
The History of Tarot Cards
Photo: Stock Photos from Aekotography/Shutterstock
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You don’t need the gift of clairvoyance to get a glimpse of tarot cards‘ popularity. For centuries, the illustrated cards have captivated people all over the world, first as a fun game and later as a fortune-telling tradition.
Want to learn more about the magic of tarot cards? Here, we take a closer look at the unique practice, including its fascinating etymology, spellbinding history, and contemporary ritual.
Etymology
The term tarot derives from tarocchi, an Italian word whose root—taroch—translates to “foolishness.”
The word taroch was used in the 15th century, when trionfi, a 70-card game inspired by the theatrical festivals popular during the Italian Renaissance known as trionfo emerged.
Trionfi cards typically featured gilded decorations and hand-painted illustrations of personified and allegorical motifs. In the 16th century, “the fool” joined this cast of characters, and trionfi game became known as tarocho in Italy and taraux—a term that eventually evolved into tarot—in France.
Enchanting Evolution
Fun and Games
When trionfi cards emerged in Italy, they were used solely as entertainment. Each deck featured four suits—Swords, Batons, Coins, and Cups—as well as trumps, cards that outranked all others. The trump motifs varied from deck to deck, with classical themes as popular choices.
The earliest known glimpse of the game’s rules is in a manuscript from the early 15th century. Written by Martiano da Tortona, a chancellor and secretary to Milanese duke Filippo Maria Visconti, this text describes a deck with 60 cards: 44 featuring images of birds (the eagle, turtle dove, dove, and phoenix), and 16 adorned with portraits of Roman gods (Jupiter, Apollo, Mercury, Hercules, Juno, Neptune, Mars, Aeolus, Pallas, Diana, Vesta, Daphne, Venus, Bacchus, Ceres, and Cupid). As Tortona noted that “every one of the gods, however, is above all the orders of birds and the ranks of kings,” it is crystal clear that these 16 cards are the trumps.
With the deck, players would carry out a series of tricks, or rounds, in which a card is dealt. Players would then either offer a card of the same suit or a trump card, as Tortona described: “But the gods are held to this law among themselves: that who will be first designated below, he should lead all the others following in sequence.” At the end of each trick, points would be tallied based on the designated value of the cards played.
While the number, aesthetic, and rankings of cards can vary from deck to deck (something that’s been in effect since Tortona’s time), these rules remain in use today—though, in the 18th century, the cards took on an occult life of their own.
Magical Transformation
According to a manuscript written by an unknown source in 1750, the 62-card Tarocco Bolognese from the 15th-century was among the first decks to be used as a means of fortune-telling. By the 1780s, people in France were assigning divine meanings to their decks as well, predominantly with the Tarot of Marseilles, then the country’s most popular playing cards.
This movement was led by French occultist Jean-Baptiste Alliette, or Etteilla, whose book Etteilla, ou manière de se récréer avec un jeu de cartes (“Etteilla, or a Way to Entertain Yourself With a Deck of Cards”) unreliably linked the tarot to ancient Egyptian texts.
In 1789, Alliette produced a new deck of tarot cards intended solely for supernatural use. This deck comprises 78 cards organized into two categories: the Major Arcana and the Minor Arcana.
The Major Arcana features 22 cards, each denoting an allegorical figure (The Magician, The High Priestess, The Empress, The Emperor, The Hierophant or Pope, The Hermit, The Hanged Man, The Lovers, The Devil, and The Fool) or personification of an object (The Wheel of Fortune, The Chariot, The Tower, The Star, The Moon, The Sun, and The World) or abstract concept (Strength, Justice, Judgment, Temperance, and Death). These cards are believed to hold the “big secrets” of spiritual self-awareness.
The Major Arcana features four suits (the Suit of Swords, the Suit of Batons, the Suit of Coins, and the Suit of Cups) of 14 cards each. Each suit, in turn, comprises ten numbered cards and four court cards: the King, Queen, Knight, and Jack. These cards are believed to hold the “small secrets” of everyday life.
By the turn of the 20th century, tarot cards—particularly the Tarot of Marseilles—were so entwined with the occult that the Tarot Nouveau, a deck used solely for playing rather than predicting, was created.
Reading Tarot Cards
Today, the tarot continues to serve as both an ordinary card game and an occult ritual. While there are many ways to “read” tarot cards to tell one’s fortune, a common approach is the three-card spread.
There are numerous variations of this method, including an easy technique that helps unlock and explain your past, present, and future.
3000元 振興劵
Taiwan mulls ‘spend NT$1,000, get NT$3,000’ stimulus measure | Taiwan News
Spending incentive aimed to boost economic activity amid coronavirus fallout
TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — The head of Taiwan’s top policy-making body on Monday (May 25) hinted at plans to implement a spending incentive that will see consumers given NT$3,000 (US$100) for spending NT$1,000.
National Development Council (NDC) Minister Kung Ming-hsin (龔明鑫) said on a radio show that the government is mulling distributing “stimulus vouchers” to encourage consumption in a bid to boost an economy hit by the coronavirus (COVID-19), reported Liberty Times.
While details are still being hammered out, the proposal to “pay NT$1,000, earn NT$3,000” is under serious consideration, he said. Everyone will be entitled to the incentive, regardless of financial status, he added.
The stimulus voucher will be doled out in the form of hard copies, electronic tickets, mobile payments, or credit card payments. Citizens will be able to select whichever method suits them starting in July, when the incentive is likely to be implemented, wrote CNA.
The official stressed that the measure favors vouchers as a means to help revive the economy since people may not be as willing to spend cash handouts. The vouchers would be redeemable at brick-and-mortar retailers and night markets and could also be used to pay transportation fares, such as taxi and train services.
Kung assured disadvantaged individuals and low-income families, who may find paying NT$1,000 to be a burden, that other stimulus options will be forthcoming.
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Pre-orders for Taiwan's stimulus vouchers start today | Taiwan News
Taiwan News
TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — Pre-orders for Taiwan's stimulus vouchers started at 9 a.m. on Wednesday morning (July 1), with the vouchers to become valid starting on July 15.
This month, Taiwan is launching its "Triple Stimulus Voucher" program to help stimulate Taiwan's sagging economy amid the Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The program allows Taiwanese citizens as well as foreign spouses to purchase vouchers worth NT$3,000 (US$101) for the price of NT$1,000.
Beginning on Wednesday (July 1) pre-orders of the vouchers can be placed on the official Triple Stimulus Voucher website or at kiosks in Taiwan's four major convenience store chains. The vouchers will be distributed at all post offices and designated convenience stores on July 15, and foreign spouses can use their National Health Insurance (NHI) cards or Alien Residence Certificates (ARC) as identification when pre-ordering and purchasing the coupons.
Those who spend NT$3,000 (US$100) with their credit cards will receive a NT$2,000 deduction from the next month's bill, while users of contactless smartcards and mobile payment apps who spend NT$3,000 will see NT$2,000 worth of credit deposited into their accounts, according to the Ministry of Economic Affairs website. Those who opt for one of the digital payment methods, spend NT$3,000, and receive notice of eligibility can use one of nearly 40 different types of bank cards issued by one of three banks at an ATM to receive a NT$2,000 cash reimbursement.
The vouchers can be used to make purchases at all stores as well as at art exhibitions, sporting events, travel activities, and government-approved e-commerce platforms. The cash vouchers cannot be used to pay taxes, utility fees, traffic tickets, credit card bills, National Health Insurance fees, or administrative fees or to buy cigarette products, stocks, gift cards, electronic tickets, fitness center points, food coupons, video game points, or InComm gift cards.
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