周五(3/13)1.吃飯口味看個性 2.大部分癌症來自壞運氣!

聚會時間 晚上7:00-9:30

板橋區文化路一段421巷11弄1號 (陽光甜味咖啡館)

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吃飯口味看個性

What the Foods You Eat Say About Your Personality

Jelisa Castrodale

This article originally appeared on Broadly.

"If you think about it, through most of human existence, we ate what was available," says John Hayes, an associate professor of food science at Pennsylvania State University. "Or if we didn't eat what was available, we ate what our dominant culture was. Imagine in 1950s Britain, you probably ate sausages and boiled potatoes and overly boiled vegetables."

"Today," he continues, "you can get chicken tikka everywhere."

While access, culture, and habits are huge factors in determining what foods we consume, in the last few years, a handful of studies have shown that personality traits also have some influence over what we choose to put in our mouths.

Spicy Risk Takers

For example, according to research by Hayes (a self-professed chili head for more than 20 years) and former Penn State grad student Nadia Byrnes, people who like to ride fast rollercoasters or enjoy being the center of attention at a party probably also order their wings with the hottest flavor profile available. In two different studies, Hayes and Byrnes examined the role personality plays in the intake of spicy foods.

In the first, which published in 2013, Byrnes and Hayes gathered the answers of 97 people who rated the intensity of capsaicin (the active component of chili peppers) samples. After analyzing their answers alongside the results of a personality survey, they found that people who tend to seek sensations (for example, those who like to drive fast on a twisty road) were more likely to enjoy and eat spicy foods. They also found that people sensitive to reward (those who enjoy being praised and winning in competitions) were also more likely to eat spicy foods.

The second study, which came out earlier this year, confirmed these findings and went on to clarify that while a person with sensitivity to reward may eat spicy foods, that does not necessarily mean that person actually likes spicy food. The takeaway, Hayes explains to Broadly, is that "personality influences liking, which influences intake, but personality can also influence intake without actually influencing your liking for the food."

This reveals how multi-factorial food choices are, he says. "It's about things like culture and our food environment and not just what we like to eat."

Enjoy that gin and tonic, you psychopath.

The Sweetest Things

In 2011, another group of researchers investigated whether conceptual metaphors, like when caring people are referred to as "sweet," can offer any insight into personality processes. After executing five different studies, which included seeing if participants volunteered to do another survey without compensation, researchers found that people who like sweets, such as candy, caramel, and chocolate cake, tend to be friendly and compassionate—sweethearts, essentially.

"People high in agreeableness liked sweet foods to a greater extent than did people low in agreeableness," the authors write, "and, perhaps of more importance, such preferences for sweet food tastes predicted laboratory measures of prosocial functioning [such as helping, sharing, or volunteering]."

Alternatively, a person who has a penchant for black coffee, tonic water, or radishes might be a psychopath. According to work released last year by Austrian researchers that surveyed a total of almost 1,000 people, those who prefer bitter-tasting foods and drinks are more likely to have anti-social personality traits, such as being manipulative, callous, and/or insensitive.

General bitter taste preferences emerged as a robust predictor for Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and everyday sadism

"General bitter taste preferences emerged as a robust predictor for Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and everyday sadism," the study's authors write. Furthermore, "the results suggest that how much people like bitter tasting foods and drinks is stably tied to how dark their personality is."

Life Is Like a Box of Chocolates

While the academic research is still in its early stages, Alan Hirsch, a neurologist and psychologist specializing in the treatment of smell and taste loss at the Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago, has been connecting people's taste preferences to their personality traits for years. He's written a number of books, including What Flavor is Your Personality, among others. Hirsch says he and his team have looked at the taste preferences and personality profiles of more than 18,000 people, making correlations using everything from snacks and breakfast foods to ice cream flavors.

"Basically everything we do reflects our underlying personality—the direction you comb your hair, the color tie you wear, the of shoes you wear, even the model car you drive," Hirsch tells Broadly. "The question is, are we smart enough to figure out what it means? That's basically what we've done with food preferences."

One study looked at the vodka flavor preferences. Commissioned in the early 2000s by the company that distributed Stolichnaya vodka at the time, the researchers conducted several hours of personality tests. The subjects then blind-tested various flavors of vodka, including peach, vanilla, orange, and others, thus producing a statistical correlation between vodka flavor preferences and personality typing.

According to Hirsch's findings, people who say they like peach vodka tend to be "lively, dramatic, and enthusiastic." In contrast, cranberry vodka lovers tend to be serious, dull in bed, and work too much. Meanwhile, vanilla vodka drinkers are "impulsive, emotionally driven" and like to be around other people.

Basically everything we do reflects our underlying personality—the direction you comb your hair, the color tie you wear, the of shoes you wear, even the model car you drive

大部分癌症來自壞運氣!

Most Cancer Cases Arise from "Bad Luck"

Sharon Begley,STAT scientificamerican.com

It was the study that launched hundreds of scientific rebuttals, insinuations that the authors had been paid off by the chemical industry, and charges that it was a “massive” stunt “hidden behind fancy numbers of doubtful quality.”

The claim that sparked this controversy? That “bad luck,” more than environmental factors or inherited genes, affects whether someone develops cancer, implying that preventive efforts from smoking cessation to environmental cleanups were largely pointless.

Now the authors of that 2015 paper are back. In a study published on Thursday in Science, they double down on their original finding but also labor mightily to correct widespread misinterpretations of it. This time, using health records from 69 countries, they conclude that 66 percent of cancer-causing genetic mutations arise from the “bad luck” of a healthy, dividing cell making a random mistake when it copies its DNA.

The scientists go to great pains to explain that this doesn’t mean that two-thirds of cancers are beyond the reach of prevention. But understanding the role of these unforced errors “could provide comfort to the millions of patients who developed cancer but led near-perfect [healthy] lifestyles,” said cancer biologist Dr. Bert Vogelstein of Johns Hopkins University, senior author of both the original study and the new one. “This is particularly true for parents of children who have cancer” and might blame the tragedy on the genes they passed on to their child or the environment they provided, he said.

“They did it right this time,” Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society, said of the authors. “In the first paper they upset a lot of people who are advocates for cancer prevention, and confused a lot of people,” by leaving the impression that most cancers are beyond the reach of prevention. “But a reasonable person can read this one and think, prevention is not useless.”

Separate research has shown that roughly 42 percent of cancers are preventable by, for instance, not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and not being exposed to cancer-causing pollutants.

Not all critics of the first paper were swayed, however. “I am not very impressed with the overall conclusion,” said Dr. Yusuf Hannun, director of the Stony Brook Cancer Center, who led a 2015 study showing that the vast majority of cancers are due to extrinsic factors, not random mistakes in DNA copying.

The original “bad luck” study as well as this one compared how rates of cancer in different tissues relate to the frequency with which healthy cells in those tissues — lung, bone, brain, and more — divide.

They found a very close correlation. Cells of the large intestine divide frequently, and 5 percent of people develop cancer in that tissue. Cells of the small intestine divide rarely, and only 0.2 percent of people develop cancer there. Because dividing cells do not always copy their DNA perfectly, every division is an opportunity for a cancer-causing mutation to arise; more divisions, more cancers, the Hopkins team argued.

Overall, they found, about two-thirds of the difference in cancer rates from one kind of tissue to another is due to differences in the rates of cell division in those tissues. That conclusion echoes the one in their previous, US-only study, and held for all 17 cancer types and all 69 countries they analyzed.

That doesn’t mean that two-thirds of cancers are caused by unforced errors in DNA copying, however. The high or low rate of cell divisions account for two-thirds of the differences in cancer rates from one kind of tissue to another. For instance, the “cause” of the Himalayas is the Indian tectonic plate smashing into the Eurasian Plate. That has produced more than a dozen peaks reaching above 26,000 feet. But the difference between K2’s 28,251 feet and Annapurna’s 26,545 feet is nevertheless partly due to random factors, from wind erosion to the angle of the rock strata underlying each mountain.

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周六(3/7)1.讓壓力成為朋友2.防病毒

星期六 聚會時間 晚上7:00-9:30

板橋區文化路一段421巷11弄1號 (陽光甜味咖啡館)

新埔捷運站1號出口 旁邊7-11巷子進入20公尺 看到夏朵美髮左轉

讓壓力成為朋友

The other side of stress - Good Magazine

by: Good Magazine

For decades, stress has had a bad name. But new research is shining light on the misconception that it’s inevitably bad for our health. In fact, make stress your friend, and you might even become healthier. 

Make stress your friend

Stanford University health psychologist Kelly McGonigal spent years spreading the message that stress makes you sick. Then one day, she changed her mind.

Her 2013 TED Talk, ‘How to make stress your friend’, where she discusses research suggesting stress may only be bad for you if you believe that to be the case, has been viewed more than 15 million times.

McGonigal’s change of mind began with research that included an eight-year study in the United States which tracked 30,000 adults. It initially asked them how much stress they experienced in the past year, as well as whether they believed stress was harmful to their health. The researchers then used public death records to find out who died.

The findings showed that people who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 per cent increased risk of dying – but that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health.

Explains McGonigal, “People who experienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. In fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress.

“The researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 Americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you.

“That is over 20,000 deaths a year. Now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the United States in a year, killing more people than skin cancer, HIV/AIDS and homicide,” she says.

This led McGonigal to wonder whether changing how you think about stress could make you healthier. “Here the science says yes. When you change your mind about stress, you can change your body’s response to stress,” she says. 

Therefore, instead of perceiving our body’s changes during stress as the first step to bad health, we should rather view these changes as signs our body is becoming energised to help us meet a challenge.

That is exactly what participants were told in a study conducted at Harvard University, adds McGonigal. “Before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. That pounding heart is preparing you for action. If you’re breathing faster, it’s no problem. It’s getting more oxygen to your brain. And participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less anxious, more confident…” she says.

Seek support and hug it out

They say a problem shared is a problem halved, and new research shows this can be the case when it comes to stress. Seeking support from loved ones, showing empathy and having it returned can reduce our fight-or-flight stress response. This is to do with another stress hormone, oxytocin, which is also released when people hug one another.

Says McGonigal, “Oxytocin is a neuro-hormone. It fine-tunes your brain’s social instincts. It primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships. Oxytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. It enhances your empathy. It even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about.”

Studies have shown oxytocin levels are higher under stressful conditions, such as social isolation and unhappy relationships. One study reported in Psychosomatic Medicine, for example, found that women who reported more gaps in their social relationships and less positive relationships with their significant others had higher levels of oxytocin and cortisol than those reporting better relationships.

Most people don’t understand oxytocin is a stress hormone, McGonigal adds. When it’s released, oxytocin motivates you to seek support. “Your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel, instead of bottling it up.”

Empathetic listening also helps produce oxytocin, as psychologist Arthur Ciaramicoli explains in his book The Stress Solution: Using Empathy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Reduce Anxiety and Develop Resilience. He suggests being more mindful of the ways we communicate with loved ones. “Learning to communicate with empathy can go a long way toward building more positivity in your relationships and reducing your stress,” he says. “If we all focused more on listening and understanding each other, the world would be a lot less stressful – and a lot happier – place to live.”

防病毒

 Ways to Virus-Proof Your Life   msn.com

    Slide 1 of 16: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is incredibly scary, as it continues to spread across the globe at a rapid rate. While we are still in the process of understanding exactly how the virus that causes the highly infectious and deadly virus works, there are a handful of things we do know about it. One of these is how it is spread—between people who are in close contact with one another and through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes—and also via contact with infected surfaces or objects. Here are all the things you should be doing to virus-proof your life during the scary coronavirus outbreak.

    Slide 2 of 16: It shouldn't take a deadly virus to remind the world how important hand-washing is. However, if this isn't a habitual practice of yours, learning the proper method of washing your hands is crucial during the current coronavirus crisis. And, chances are, you are doing it wrong. According to a study conducted by the US Department of Agriculture, hand washers are committing faux pas 97 percent of the time. The CDC stresses the importance of washing your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds—especially after going to the bathroom, before eating, and after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing. And, don't forget to dry your hands after washing, as germs transmit more easily via wet hands.

    Slide 3 of 16: Because soap and water isn't always available, you should start investing in hand sanitizer. The CDC recommends an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol in order to kill the virus before further contamination. Apply to the palm of one hand—read the label to learn the correct amount—and rub the product all over the surfaces of your hands until they are dry.

    Slide 4 of 16: While it is currently unclear just how long the coronavirus can survive on surfaces, one study found that it can live for up to nine days. Stephen Morse, Ph.D., a professor of epidemiology at Columbia University Medical Center, told NPR that while we don't know exactly how this current strain reacts, based on previous coronaviruses it is likely that COVID-19 can be killed by most household cleaners, including bleach, alcohol, or even just old soap and water. Therefore, you should definitely wipe down everything in your home—counters, doorknobs, tables, faucets, light switches, cellphones included—in order to keep the members of your home safe. "Viruses can persist on surfaces, so anything you can do to keep them clean is a help, including the use of bleach solutions and disinfecting wipes," Dr. Morse explained.

    Slide 5 of 16: Viral infections are incredibly scary, as they are passed from person-to-person. Therefore, the closer you are to others, the more likely you are to be infected. The World Health Organization suggests maintaining at least a three foot distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing, as they are spraying small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain virus. "If you are too close, you can breathe in the droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the person coughing has the disease," they warn. You may even want to consider working remotely if that is an option. The less interactions with others, the more likely you are to stay healthy.

    Slide 6 of 16: One of the top ways you can avoid getting a scary virus is by keeping your hands away from your facial area. The WHO points out that because hands touch many surfaces, they can easily pick up viruses. Once contaminated, they can transfer the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth, where it can enter your body and can make you sick. "Many respiratory viruses are transmitted from contaminated surfaces by our own hands to our eyes and nose," explains Richard Martinello, MD, a Yale Medicine infectious disease specialist. "Keeping your hands and fingers away from your face may be one of the most effective ways to keep from getting sick." If you must touch your eyes or nose, make sure to first wash your hands carefully with soap and water. Or, use an alcohol based hand rub to destroy germs.

    Slide 7 of 16: In addition to hand-washing hygiene, the WHO stresses the importance of making sure you and those around you practice respiratory hygiene. "This means covering your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissue immediately," they explain. This is due to the fact that droplets spread viruses. "By following good respiratory hygiene you protect the people around you from viruses such as cold, flu and COVID-19."

    Slide 8 of 16: Now more than ever it is important to be hyper aware of any and all symptoms, and to act promptly. "Stay home if you feel unwell," urges WHO. If you have a fever, cough, or difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately, and if you think it could be coronavirus, you should call ahead so your health care provider can direct you to the right health facility to be tested. "This will also protect you and help prevent the spread of viruses and other infections," they explain.

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周五(3/6)1.拯救自己 2.讓人樂觀的習慣

聚會時間 晚上7:00-9:30

板橋區文化路一段421巷11弄1號 (陽光甜味咖啡館)

新埔捷運站1號出口 旁邊7-11巷子進入20公尺 看到夏朵美髮左轉

拯救自己

Need saving? Save yourself.

E.B. Johnson medium

Finding our own way in this increasingly maddening world is hard. We get lost in the details and the chaos and before we know it, we’re barely keeping our heads above water.

When you’re feeling vulnerable or when you’re struggling emotionally, it can seem a bit like being stuck on a sinking ship. Getting pulled under by our grief or our hopelessness leaves us exhausted and looking for relief in strange places. Feeling like you aren’t strong enough to go on can cause you to seek salvation in others — a dangerous precedent to set and a foolhardy pattern to find yourself repeating.

If life is falling apart around you, there’s only one person you can turn to: yourself. You are the only one who can save the day. Realizing that takes time, though, and it takes coming to rely on yourself like you never have before.

There are many different reasons we look to other people to solve our woes when the going gets tough. For some of us, it is simply because we are too run-down by our depression or struggle to see our own strengths clearly. For others, it’s sheer laziness or foolhardiness.

    “No one saves us but ourselves. We ourselves must walk the path.” — Siddhartha Buddha

More often than not, looking to others to solve our problems makes things worse — not better. Inviting people into the issues or conflicts that we are experiencing invites those issues and conflicts into their life too, a factor that can corrode relationships over time.

Giving away our autonomy in this way also removes a vital chance to change and grow as a person. When we allow another person to come in and take charge, we are giving away our own personal power, diminishing ourselves in a way that is demeaning and self-defeating.

Though this relinquishing of responsibility can feel good for a while, it leaves us more vulnerable to life’s many cruelties. The only way to vanquish our demons is to face them, but that takes courage and it takes knowing the signs of coming self-destruction.

When we feel as though events in our life as spinning out of our control, we look to others to assume that control we can no longer handle. There are some sure-fire signs that your life is spinning out of control, but it often takes some brutal honesty to recognize it.

You’ve forgotten your choices.

Getting stuck in a ruck can make it seem as though we’re left with no choice, but that’s just not true. There’s always a choice and there’s always a moment when enough is enough, you just have to define when that moment is and remember that you have options.

You’ve forgotten what you do and don’t deserve.

When things get out of control, they get out of focus and we lose sight of what we do and don’t deserve. Not everyone will see us in the same light, but we deserve to be treated with respect no matter what. When we find ourselves surrounded by people who disrespect and belittle us, it’s often a sign that our life is spinning out of control (and that we’ll soon be looking for someone else to control it).

You’re obsessed over the past.

Often, when our here and now is miserable, we obsess over the past and the things we could have done differently. This “coulda, shoulda, woulda” mentality does not serve our growth and does nothing but make us feel worse about ourselves and how we’re feeling. We can change the past so we might as well take its lessons on board and move on.

Your minor irritations become big problems.

If the littlest thing evokes the biggest reaction in you, it might be a sign that you’re losing control. Mood swings are one of the first early warnings of losing a grip over your life, and when pesky irritations become major problems that’s doubly the case.

You’ve lost your passions.

Passion is what puts color and meaning in our lives. Losing touch with our passions causes us to disconnect with the things that matter and can leave us feeling miserable and helpless. When we lose our passions, we lose who we are. Losing who you are makes you vulnerable to predators and pretenders who would use you for ill.

You no longer like who you are.

If you look in the mirror and can’t stand the person that’s looking back at you, it’s a sign that major changes are needed in your life. When we become so distant from our authentic selves that we no longer recognize who we are, it means that we aren’t doing the work we should on ourselves and the way we see and interact with the world.

You’ve forgotten what happiness feels like.

When one little thing has the power to tear you down, you have lost touch with your happiness and the things that guide your passions. Forgetting how to laugh, smile and be at peace is a definitive signs that things are going wrong in our lives and one of the biggest signs that it’s time to save ourselves.

You cannot rely on others to make things better or fix the things that are going wrong in your life. While the people that we love can help us, they can’t change what we’ve done or decisions we’ve made that have led us down a path to unhappiness.

If your life is falling apart, you are the only one who can piece it back together. Once you’ve picked yourself up off the floor, put your life back on track using this combination of truths and techniques.

1. Realize and accept that you are the light at the end of the tunnel.

Falling into depression or hopelessness can cause you to lose sight of the things you want in life. When we don’t know who we are or what we want, we look to someone else to define that for us. The problem there is that no one can define us but ourselves. The longer we strive to live someone else’s picture of perfection, the more unhappy we will we.

Realize and accept that you are the only light at the end of the tunnel. There is no one that can “save” you, because there is no one who knows your journey and what you’re going through as intimately as you.

讓人樂觀的習慣

7 Habits That Can Help You Become More Optimistic

If you’re more of a pessimist, you don’t have to be. Here’s how to coach yourself into looking on the bright side.

BY HARVEY DEUTSCHENDORF4 MINUTE READ

Have trouble looking on the bright side? If so, it could be your loss. Successful people aren’t all optimists, but one trait many of them share is the ability to see opportunity in unlikely places. Without a dose of optimism, we’d never try anything new, and our lives would remain perpetually stuck in the same place. Forward progress of any kind is predicated on it.

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There’s the more immediate benefit, too, though; an optimistic mind-set simply helps our experiences feel more fulfilling and enjoyable. While many believe that optimism is something we’re born with in more or less finite quantities, we actually have some ability to shape our thoughts and actions–including our outlook on events. Here are seven habits to help you to cultivate optimism.

1. BEFORE GOING TO SLEEP, CONSIDER WHAT WENT WELL TODAY

As soon as you wake up, start thinking about what you want to accomplish with the expectation that it will actually happen.

We know that our subconscious minds will go over the last thoughts we had before going to sleep, influencing our dreams and even the things that start to preoccupy us the first thing in the morning. So spend a few minutes reviewing everything that went right for you that day–even the small stuff. What did you enjoy? What felt validating? This type of reflection can help you program positive thoughts and images into your minds for the night. You might even have a better sleep and awake more ready to face the day.

2. START THE DAY BY FOCUSING ON GOALS AND EXPECTATIONS

As soon as you wake up, start thinking about what you want to accomplish with the expectation that it will actually happen. Visualize yourself at the end of the day having achieved everything on your list–or even more than you’d planned to do. Don’t worry if it sounds too ambitious to complete. Spend a couple of minutes repeating your long-term goals to yourself, too, including whatever you consider to be your current mission or larger purpose in your life right now. Visualize yourself having already reached these goals.

3. RECORD YOUR DAILY PROGRESS—HOWEVER INCREMENTAL

Look at life and success as a marathon, not a sprint. It’s about building continuously on small wins and improvements. Take note of your daily development. What have you learned? Where have you improved? Write them down or recount them in your head while you’re brushing your teeth. The fact is that self-confidence takes practice. This habit can help you build and sustain it so that, over time, it will feel more natural to you to consider how you’re advancing.

4. PRACTICE GRATITUDE

The most successful optimists never forget what they have to be thankful for. While striving to reach our goals and achieve more, it’s important to feel grateful for what we have in the present. Otherwise we cultivate dissatisfaction alongside ambition. Personally, I keep a gratitude notebook where I record at least 10 things that I’m grateful for at the very start of my day. It helps me approach each morning with a positive frame of mind and gives me comfort knowing that I have a wonderful foundation to build upon every day–no matter what may happen.

5. ALWAYS SEEK SOLUTIONS FIRST

Every problem or difficulty confronts us with a choice: Where will we focus our thoughts and efforts? Optimists don’t waste time looking for people to blame or stewing on the particulars of the issue. They immediately start hunting for solutions. Consider some of your most frustrating past failures and setbacks. In retrospect, what did they help you learn? How did those experiences guide you to avoid similar missteps later? If you can cultivate that habit of analyzing past failures, you’ll similarly develop a knack for seeking solutions when new troubles arise.

Optimists don’t waste time looking for people to blame or stewing on the particulars of the issue. They immediately start hunting for solutions.

6. SURROUND YOURSELF WITH OPTIMISTS

Optimistic people don’t have the time, energy, or inclination to spend time with naysayers and negative people. They realize those personalities sap their energy. Perhaps you’re one of them! In order to coax yourself out of your pessimism, find more positive-minded, motivated people to hang out with. Bounce ideas off one another. You’ll soon find that optimists attract other optimists, and those folks will offer you support and encouragement, boosting your own optimism in turn. It can become a virtuous circle, but you first need to seek it out or set it up.

7. LEARN YOUR WAY FORWARD

Being optimistic lets us believe that the future will be even better than the past. Optimists look forward to what’s to come with excitement and anticipation, not trepidation. Management guru Peter Drucker, who lived into his nineties, made it a goal to learn one new thing every year. One year he learned to speak Japanese. Not only does learning support us in our efforts to think more optimistically, it equips us with the actual skills we’ll need to achieve our goals and take advantage of opportunities when they do show up.

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