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工作時數短 快樂嗎?
Your Happiness Isn't Related to Your Work Hours, According to a New Report
By Wanda ThibodeauxCopywriter inc
Let me guess. You want to be happy. Me, too. But that long-standing idea that working fewer hours is some magic pill for joy--or conversely, that too much work is the quick route to the blahs--might just dissolve into nothing. That's based on data from the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and the 2018 World Happiness Report (WHR).
As a starting point, as summarized in a blog and infographic from BambooHR, OECD data shows that the average number of hours worked per week in the United States is 34. This is despite the increasingly common assertion that people in America area working more than ever before--almost half of small business owners say they clock more than 50 hours weekly. America ranks #18 on the WHR.
So let's do some comparing, shall we?
Like those in America, people in Switzerland and Germany work an average of 34 hours a week. But the WHR ranks for the latter two countries are #5 and #15, respectively.
If you want to look at the data in a slightly different way, the country with the highest happiness rank (Finland) has workers clocking 36 hours on average. But workers are clocking that same number of hours in Italy, too, where the WHR is only #47. Or consider that Turkey and Columbia rank #74 and #37 on the WHR, even though they both have a work hour average of 48. And the country with the lowest average number of hours per week, the Netherlands (29 hours), sits at #6 on the WHR.
No matter how you slice it, the data reveals that there's really very little correlation between how much you work and your overall level of happiness. That's because, while your work of course does influence your life, there's a lot more to happiness than going to or staying away from the office. The WHR points out some of the factors they take into consideration in rankings, for example. The happiest countries support all six elements that support wellbeing (income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust and generosity).
"a ranking of countries according to the happiness of their immigrant populations is almost exactly the same as for the rest of the population. [...] The closeness of the two rankings shows that the happiness of immigrants depends predominantly on the quality of life where they now live, illustrating a general pattern of convergence. Happiness can change, and does change, according to the quality of the society in which people live. Immigrant happiness, like that of the locally born, depends on a range of features of the social fabric, extending far beyond the higher incomes traditionally thought to inspire and reward migration. The countries with the happiest immigrants are not the richest countries, but instead the countries with a more balanced set of social and institutional supports for better lives."
So here's the bottom line for you as an entrepreneur or leader: It's not really how much you're working, but why and how. It's context. You can be miserable working 20 hours a week if you're in crappy conditions, or you can be ecstatic working 80 hours because you've got great circumstances. And as your company expands and changes, you should be highly aware that reducing or increasing hours isn't a universal way to boost morale.
婚姻改變性格
How Marriage Changes Your Personality
Source: ProWeddingStudio/Shutterstock
It’s often said that married couples grow more alike over the years. But can marriage really change your personality? New research by University of Georgia psychologist Justin Lavner and his colleagues shows that people’s personalities do change, in predictable ways, within the first year and a half after tying the knot.
1. Openness. How open you are to new experiences. If you’re high in openness, you like trying new things. If you’re low in openness, you’re more comfortable with what’s familiar.
2. Conscientiousness. How dependable and orderly you are. If you’re high in conscientiousness, you like to be punctual and keep your living and working spaces tidy. If you’re low in conscientiousness, you don’t get uptight about deadlines, and you’re comfortable in your cluttered environment.
3. Extraversion. How outgoing you are. If you’re high in extraversion, you like socializing with lots of other people. If you’re low in extraversion (that is, introverted), you like having time to yourself.
4. Agreeableness. How well you get along with others. If you’re high in agreeableness, you’re easygoing and happy doing what everyone else is doing. If you’re low in agreeableness, you’ve got to have things your way, no matter what the rest of us want.
5. Neuroticism. How emotionally stable you are. If you’re high in neuroticism, you experience big mood swings and can be quite temperamental. If you’re low in neuroticism, your mood is relatively stable, and you live your life on an even keel.
When the researchers analyzed the data after 18 months of marriage, they found the following trends in personality change among the husbands and wives:
Openness. Wives showed decreases in openness. Perhaps this change reflects their acceptance of the routines of marriage.
Conscientiousness. Husbands increased significantly in conscientiousness, whereas wives stayed the same. The researchers noted that women tend to be higher in conscientiousness than men, and this was the case with the husbands and wives in this study. The increase in conscientiousness for men probably reflects their learning the importance of being dependable and responsible in marriage.
Extraversion. Husbands became more introverted (lower in extraversion) over the first year and a half of marriage. Other research has shown that married couples tend to restrict their social networks compared to when they were single. This drop in extraversion probably reflects that trend.
Agreeableness. Both husbands and wives became less agreeable over the course of the study, but this downward trend is especially noticeable for the wives. In general, women tend to be more agreeable than men. This data suggests that these wives were learning to assert themselves more during the early years of marriage.
Neuroticism. Husbands showed a slight (but not statistically significant) increase in emotional stability. The wives showed a much greater one. In general, women tend to report higher levels of neuroticism (or emotional instability) than men. It’s easy to speculate that the commitment of marriage had a positive effect on the wives’ emotional stability.
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