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工作時數短 快樂嗎?
Your Happiness Isn't Related to Your Work
Hours, According to a New Report
By Wanda ThibodeauxCopywriter inc
Let me guess. You want to be happy. Me,
too. But that long-standing idea that working fewer hours is some magic pill
for joy--or conversely, that too much work is the quick route to the
blahs--might just dissolve into nothing. That's based on data from the
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and the 2018
World Happiness Report (WHR).
As a starting point, as summarized in a
blog and infographic from BambooHR, OECD data shows that the average number of
hours worked per week in the United States is 34. This is despite the
increasingly common assertion that people in America area working more than
ever before--almost half of small business owners say they clock more than 50
hours weekly. America ranks #18 on the WHR.
So let's do some comparing, shall we?
Like those in America, people in
Switzerland and Germany work an average of 34 hours a week. But the WHR ranks
for the latter two countries are #5 and #15, respectively.
If you want to look at the data in a
slightly different way, the country with the highest happiness rank (Finland)
has workers clocking 36 hours on average. But workers are clocking that same
number of hours in Italy, too, where the WHR is only #47. Or consider that
Turkey and Columbia rank #74 and #37 on the WHR, even though they both have a
work hour average of 48. And the country with the lowest average number of
hours per week, the Netherlands (29 hours), sits at #6 on the WHR.
No matter how you slice it, the data
reveals that there's really very little correlation between how much you work
and your overall level of happiness. That's because, while your work of course
does influence your life, there's a lot more to happiness than going to or
staying away from the office. The WHR points out some of the factors they take
into consideration in rankings, for example. The happiest countries support all
six elements that support wellbeing (income, healthy life expectancy, social
support, freedom, trust and generosity).
"a ranking of countries according to
the happiness of their immigrant populations is almost exactly the same as for
the rest of the population. [...] The closeness of the two rankings shows that
the happiness of immigrants depends predominantly on the quality of life where
they now live, illustrating a general pattern of convergence. Happiness can
change, and does change, according to the quality of the society in which
people live. Immigrant happiness, like that of the locally born, depends on a
range of features of the social fabric, extending far beyond the higher incomes
traditionally thought to inspire and reward migration. The countries with the
happiest immigrants are not the richest countries, but instead the countries
with a more balanced set of social and institutional supports for better
lives."
So here's the bottom line for you as an
entrepreneur or leader: It's not really how much you're working, but why and
how. It's context. You can be miserable working 20 hours a week if you're in
crappy conditions, or you can be ecstatic working 80 hours because you've got
great circumstances. And as your company expands and changes, you should be
highly aware that reducing or increasing hours isn't a universal way to boost
morale.
婚姻改變性格
How Marriage Changes Your Personality
Source: ProWeddingStudio/Shutterstock
It’s often said that married couples grow
more alike over the years. But can marriage really change your personality? New
research by University of Georgia psychologist Justin Lavner and his colleagues
shows that people’s personalities do change, in predictable ways, within the
first year and a half after tying the knot.
1. Openness. How open you are to new experiences.
If you’re high in openness, you like trying new things. If you’re low in
openness, you’re more comfortable with what’s familiar.
2. Conscientiousness. How dependable and
orderly you are. If you’re high in conscientiousness, you like to be punctual
and keep your living and working spaces tidy. If you’re low in
conscientiousness, you don’t get uptight about deadlines, and you’re
comfortable in your cluttered environment.
3. Extraversion. How outgoing you are. If
you’re high in extraversion, you like socializing with lots of other people. If
you’re low in extraversion (that is, introverted), you like having time to
yourself.
4. Agreeableness. How well you get along
with others. If you’re high in agreeableness, you’re easygoing and happy doing
what everyone else is doing. If you’re low in agreeableness, you’ve got to have
things your way, no matter what the rest of us want.
5. Neuroticism. How emotionally stable you
are. If you’re high in neuroticism, you experience big mood swings and can be
quite temperamental. If you’re low in neuroticism, your mood is relatively
stable, and you live your life on an even keel.
When the researchers analyzed the data
after 18 months of marriage, they found the following trends in personality
change among the husbands and wives:
Openness. Wives showed decreases in openness. Perhaps this change
reflects their acceptance of the routines of marriage.
Conscientiousness. Husbands increased significantly in
conscientiousness, whereas wives stayed the same. The researchers noted that
women tend to be higher in conscientiousness than men, and this was the case
with the husbands and wives in this study. The increase in conscientiousness
for men probably reflects their learning the importance of being dependable and
responsible in marriage.
Extraversion. Husbands became more introverted (lower in extraversion)
over the first year and a half of marriage. Other research has shown that
married couples tend to restrict their social networks compared to when they
were single. This drop in extraversion probably reflects that trend.
Agreeableness. Both husbands and wives became less agreeable over the
course of the study, but this downward trend is especially noticeable for the
wives. In general, women tend to be more agreeable than men. This data suggests
that these wives were learning to assert themselves more during the early years
of marriage.
Neuroticism. Husbands showed a slight (but not statistically
significant) increase in emotional stability. The wives showed a much greater
one. In general, women tend to report higher levels of neuroticism (or emotional
instability) than men. It’s easy to speculate that the commitment of marriage
had a positive effect on the wives’ emotional stability.
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