新埔捷運站1號出口 旁邊7-11巷子進入20公尺 看到夏朵美髮左轉
雙語的好處 你會幾種?
The Advantages of a Bilingual Brain | OpenMind bbvaopenmind
About half of the population speaks two languages perfectly. In addition to the obvious advantages when travelling to other countries or looking for a job, bilingual people have better skills such as memory or attention. Recent research has also shown that their brains delay the symptoms of dementia and that they recover better after suffering a stroke.
In terms of our memory, mental calculations or understanding a text, we use what is called the working memory, which is related to the temporary storage of information and its processing. This ability develops during childhood.
According to research from the universities of York (Canada) and Granada (Spain), bilingual children between five and seven years old who participated in the study performed better than the monolingual ones on those tasks that involved using the working memory. In addition, this ability benefited the development of other executive functions, especially when these functions were interacting with each other.
Other studies have also analysed the development of these functions, but taking into account the family income level of the children participating.
Bilingual students have cognitive advantages compared to monolinguals. Credit: Hepingting.
Pascale Engel de Abreu, director of the Language and Cognitive Development group at the University of Luxembourg, participated in a study in which they compared the different cognitive abilities of 80 second-grade students, all from low-income families. Half of the children lived in Luxembourg and spoke both Luxembourgish and Portuguese, while the rest resided in Portugal and used only Portuguese.
As Engel de Abreu explains to OpenMind, bilingual students displayed cognitive advantages compared to monolinguals. These skills focused on executive functions, “especially tasks tapping into cognitive conflict resolution,” she adds.
Although those students who mastered two languages knew fewer words than their monolingual peers, they performed the control tasks better, i.e. those that required selective attention and the elimination of interference.
Delay dementia
Along with better attention and memory, speaking two languages also seems to offer benefits when developing dementia. “Symptoms of dementia are delayed in individuals who have been lifelong bilinguals,” says Ellen Bialystok, Research Professor of Psychology and Walter Gordon York Research Chair of Lifespan Cognitive Development at York University (Canada), in a conversation with OpenMind.
In a study in which the professor and her team reviewed neuroimaging and behavioural studies that analysed bilingualism in adulthood, the scientists concluded that mastering two languages protects against cognitive deterioration by improving the cognitive reserve.
This concept refers to the protective effect of mental and physical activity carried out throughout life in the face of healthy aging. According to some studies, bilingualism can delay the onset of symptoms in people suffering from dementia by just over four years.
“These are activities we can engage in to keep our brains and minds healthy (music, social groups, exercise, etc.). Bilingualism is one such experience,” says Bialystok.
However, the researcher emphasizes that mastering several languages does not prevent dementia but, apparently, bilingual people live with the disease longer before the symptoms become evident and interfere with their independence.
Improve the recovery from a stroke
Bilingualism also seems to be beneficial when a person suffers a stroke. People who speak several languages are twice as likely to recover their normal cognitive functions after an attack of this type compared to those who speak only one.
Transparent brains showing the left and right hemispheres. The functional and structural data indicate that neural correlates of bilingualism are observed in the frontal lobes.
為何糖對身體不好?
Reasons Why Too Much Sugar Is Bad for You
healthline.com
Rates of obesity are rising worldwide and added sugar, especially from sugar-sweetened beverages, is thought to be one of the main culprits.
Sugar-sweetened drinks like sodas, juices and sweet teas are loaded with fructose, a type of simple sugar.
Consuming fructose increases your hunger and desire for food more than glucose, the main type of sugar found in starchy foods (3Trusted Source).
Additionally, excessive fructose consumption may cause resistance to leptin, an important hormone that regulates hunger and tells your body to stop eating (4Trusted Source).
In other words, sugary beverages don’t curb your hunger, making it easy to quickly consume a high number of liquid calories. This can lead to weight gain.
Research has consistently shown that people who drink sugary beverages, such as soda and juice, weigh more than people who don’t (5Trusted Source).
Also, drinking a lot of sugar-sweetened beverages is linked to an increased amount of visceral fat, a kind of deep belly fat associated with conditions like diabetes and heart disease (6Trusted Source).
Summary Consuming too much added sugar, especially from sugary beverages, increases your risk of weight gain and can lead to visceral fat accumulation.
High-sugar diets have been associated with an increased risk of many diseases, including heart disease, the number one cause of death worldwide (7Trusted Source).
Evidence suggests that high-sugar diets can lead to obesity, inflammation and high triglyceride, blood sugar and blood pressure levels — all risk factors for heart disease (8Trusted Source).
Additionally, consuming too much sugar, especially from sugar-sweetened drinks, has been linked to atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by fatty, artery-clogging deposits (9Trusted Source).
A study in over 30,000 people found that those who consumed 17–21% of calories from added sugar had a 38% greater risk of dying from heart disease, compared to those consuming only 8% of calories from added sugar (10Trusted Source).
Just one 16-ounce (473-ml) can of soda contains 52 grams of sugar, which equates to more than 10% of your daily calorie consumption, based on a 2,000-calorie diet (11).
This means that one sugary drink a day can already put you over the recommended daily limit for added sugar.
Summary Consuming too much added sugar increases heart disease risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure and inflammation. High-sugar diets have been linked to an increased risk of dying from heart disease.
A diet high in refined carbs, including sugary foods and drinks, has been associated with a higher risk of developing acne.
Foods with a high glycemic index, such as processed sweets, raise your blood sugar more rapidly than foods with a lower glycemic index.
Sugary foods quickly spike blood sugar and insulin levels, causing increased androgen secretion, oil production and inflammation, all of which play a role in acne development (12Trusted Source).
Studies have shown that low-glycemic diets are associated with a reduced acne risk, while high-glycemic diets are linked to a greater risk (13Trusted Source).
For example, a study in 2,300 teens demonstrated that those who frequently consumed added sugar had a 30% greater risk of developing acne (14Trusted Source).
Also, many population studies have shown that rural communities that consume traditional, non-processed foods have almost non-existent rates of acne, compared to more urban, high-income areas (15Trusted Source).
These findings coincide with the theory that diets high in processed, sugar-laden foods contribute to the development of acne.
Summary High-sugar diets can increase androgen secretion, oil production and inflammation, all of which can raise your risk of developing acne.
The worldwide prevalence of diabetes has more than doubled over the past 30 years (16Trusted Source).
Though there are many reasons for this, there is a clear link between excessive sugar consumption and diabetes risk.
Obesity, which is often caused by consuming too much sugar, is considered the strongest risk factor for diabetes (17Trusted Source).
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