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愛情賀爾蒙?
Fact or Fiction?: Oxytocin Is the “Love Hormone” scientificamerican.com Gary Stix
A biochemical produced in the brain called oxytocin has entered popular culture in recent years as the “love,” “cuddle” or “bonding” hormone. That’s a lot to choose from.
Oxytocin plays a role in producing contractions at childbirth and in helping in lactation, but we’ve known that for more than a century. Experiments in the 1990s showed that it was instrumental in leading prairie voles, known for their monogamous behavior, to pick a lifelong mate. Later studies then demonstrated that the chemical contributes to trust and social interactions in various animals, including humans.
After the vole study, interest in the nine–amino acid peptide started to rise. In a TED talk economist Paul Zak called it “the moral molecule” because of its link to trust, empathy and prosperity.
The Internet DIY brain-makeover market then took up the meme. Vero Labs of Daytona Beach, Fla., sells “Connekt” oxytocin spray for $79 that purports to “strengthen workplace bonds” and “increase positive self-awareness.” The company has also come out with a his-and-her“Attrakt” spray that mixes oxytocin with pheromones—chemical sex attractants that help mice get it on, but whose role in triggering mating behavior in humans is hotly disputed. (Researchers who study oxytocin warn prospective buyers away from these purchases, saying that long-term use in humans has not been studied.)
Oxytocin has another side to it that makes it something less than Love Potion No. 9. Recent research shows that it can intensify a negative memory of a social experience—such as the recollection of your boss yelling in your face in front of co-workers. It may even increase the likelihood of aggression and violence toward others who are not part of your social group.
Oxytocin without question has an influence on social dealings, but its effect may depend heavily on circumstance. The American Psychological Association’s Science Watch had two great quotes from scientists about oxytocin that caution against pigeonholing it as having any fixed role in governing social relationships.
Q:
What are your opinion about the “love hormone”?
Do you think the hormone oxytocin it link to trust and empathy?
Are you willing accept of others?
What make us willing to trust others?
Can you sense who are not part of your social group?
Can you sense someone who love you?
Please sharing your own definition of love?
騙子的大腦
How Con Artists Work?
by Ed Grabianowski howstuffworks
A con artist, also known as a crook, swindler, or scammer, is a person who tricks someone out of money or goods. He establishes trust with the victim and uses the ability to read people and a good sense of timing to carry the schemes through.
Con artists make money through deception. They lie, cheat and fool people into thinking they've happened onto a great deal or some easy money, when they're the ones who'll be making money. If that doesn't work, they'll take advantage of our weaknesses -- loneliness, insecurity, poor health or simple ignorance. The only thing more important to a con artist than perfecting a con is perfecting a total lack of conscience.
What does the average con artist look like? Despite what you may think, he isn't always a shady-looking character. A con artist is an expert at looking however he needs to look. If the con involves banking or investments, the con artist will wear a snappy suit. If it involves home improvement scams, he'll show up wearing well-worn work clothes. Even the basic assumption that the con is a "he" is incorrect: there are plenty of con women too.
You might think you can spot a con artist because he's someone you instinctively "don't trust." But the term con artist is short for confidence artist -- they gain your confidence just long enough to get their hands on your money. They can be very charming and persuasive. A good con artist can even make you believe he is really an old friend you haven't seen in years.
Con artists do share certain characteristics, however. Even the best con can only go on for so long before people start getting suspicious. For that reason, con artists tend to move frequently. They may have a job that allows this, or they might claim to have such a job. Railroad worker, carnival worker and traveling salesman are all parts con artists play to cover up their constant relocations.
It would be impossible to catalogue every con, because con artists are inventive. While many cons are simply variations on ones that are hundreds of years old, new technologies and laws give con artists the opportunity to create original scams. Many cons tend to fall into a few general categories, however: street cons, business cons, Internet cons, loan cons and home improvement cons.
Q:
What is a con artist?
How con artists work?
What to do when encountering a scammer?
Sharing experiences about phone scamming?
Should you trust strangers?
How do you build trust between strangers?
What are the reasons that you shouldn't trust someone?
How to be more persuasive?
皮質越大的靈長類，社會認知能力越強，也越會騙人。如此說來，奸雄如曹操應該是前額葉很大的人，他老謀深算、工於心計……
【作者：洪蘭】
我們的交誼廳有台電視，最近有人建議中午吃飯時不要開電視，免得影響食慾，因為每天看到的都是政客說謊，明明很熟，卻指天發誓不認得他，明明沒有這回事卻言之鑿鑿，繪聲繪影，加上最近騙子橫行，不但升斗小民被騙，連知識分子、見過世面的文化人都會被騙，就有人在吃飯時問為什麼我們念心理學的不去研究騙術？為什麼我們正規教育教出來循規蹈矩的學生都不是那些不讀書、江湖郎中的對手？教育不是要增加我們的智慧嗎？為什麼念書的反會被不念書的騙？究竟騙子的大腦有何不同？
這真是個好問題，英國最近一期的精神醫學期刊上有一篇文章就發現騙子的腦的確跟正常人不一樣，他們前額葉（prefrontal）的白質（神經纖維）比較多，灰質（神經細胞）比較少。這個研究用磁振造影檢視了十二名騙子及二十一名正常人的腦，發現騙子的前額葉皮質的白質比正常人多22.2%，但是他們的灰質比較少。灰質與白質的比例比正常人小了41.7%，這些騙子在智力測驗中的語文能力分數都比他們的空間能力分數高，難怪騙子都是能言善道，舌燦蓮花的。
因為自閉症兒童被認為是缺少「心智理論」，不會揣摩別人心中怎麼想，也不善長說謊騙別人，因此研究者檢視自閉症孩童的腦，發現二到三歲時有自閉症的孩子到他們十二歲時，大腦白質才增加了10%，而正常兒童增加了59%，顯示白質可能與說謊有關，也難怪十歲以前的孩子不太會騙人，即使騙，技術也不高明，一眼就被老師看穿，但是孩子越長大，騙術也越高明，因為額葉皮質的白質增加了。
前額葉原是人成為人最重要的地方，是我們人格的所在地，掌管我們的思想、計畫、策略與工作記憶。人類跟其他動物最大的差別就在前額葉上，額葉（frontal lobe）佔我們大腦皮質的29%，猴子只有17%，狗7%，貓3.5%（從這點看來，狗比貓聰明）。最近有研究發現皮質的大小可以預測靈長類欺騙的能力，研究者比較了四種新世界的猴子，七種舊世界的猴子，四種猿類，結果發現牠們在生活中欺騙行為的多寡與大腦新皮質的大小有正相關，即皮質越大的靈長類，社會認知能力越強，也越會騙人。如此說來，奸雄如曹操應該是前額葉很大的人，他老謀深算、工於心計。《紅樓夢》中的薛寶釵也應該是一個前額葉皮質很大的人，譬如明明是她在大觀園的亭子外偷聽丫頭講悄悄話，當小紅推開窗子，她的行跡要敗露時，她就故意大聲叫林黛玉的名字說「顰兒，我看你往那裡藏！」，假裝是林黛玉在偷聽，真是抹黑兼嫁禍他人，難怪在競爭中林黛玉死去，薛寶釵達到了嫁賈寶玉的目的。
我們一般人實在不是這種騙子的對手，幸好最近大腦的研究已經發現看到熟悉的和不熟悉的圖形，大腦中激發的腦波強度會不一樣，我們看到情人和看到陌生人的大腦反應也不同。美國軍方發現如果你曾在恐怖分子基地受過訓，給你看基地中的圖片時，大腦中的P三○○的腦波會特別強，即使嘴巴堅決否認，大腦也會使你原形畢露。或許我們應該把五年五百億的錢花一些在大腦研究上，使說謊的政客與騙子無所遁形，這樣我們納的稅也甘心些。
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